Y2k (2431 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2k (2431 words) Essay Y2kLess than two years until the year 2000. Two seemingly small digits may turn January 1, 2000 from a worldwide celebration into a universal nightmare. With computers mistaking the year 2000 for 1900, virtually all businesses that use dates will be affected. Not only will the companies be affected, but they are paying millions upon millions of dollars in order for computers to recognize the difference between the years 2000 and 1900. The year 2000 computer bug is a huge problem that our world must face. In order to explain how to solve the millennium bug, it is a good idea to be informed about exactly what the year 2000 problem is. The year 2000 industry expert, Peter de Jager, described the problem quite well. We programmed computers to store the date in the following format: dd/mm/yy. This only allows 2 digits for the year. January 1, 2000 would be stored as 01/01/00. But the computer will interpret this as January 1, 1900- not 2000 (de Jager 1). The 19 is hard-coded into computer hardware and software. Since there are only 2 physical spaces for the year in this date format, after 99, the only logical choice is to reset the number to 00. We will write a custom essay on Y2k (2431 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The year 2000 problem is unlike any other problem in modern history for several reasons. William Adams points out some of the most important ones. Time is running out- the Year 2000 is inevitable! The problem will occur simultaneously worldwide, time zones withstanding. It affects all languages and platforms, hardware software. The demand for solutions will exceed the supply. Survivors will survive big, losers will lose big. There is no silver bullet that is going to fix things (Adams 2). It is too big and too overwhelming even for Microsoft (Widder 3). Separate, any one of these points makes Y2K, a common abbreviation for the year 2000 problem, an addition to the obstacle. Combined, they form what seems more like a hideous monster than an insignificant bug. The impact of Y2K on society is enormous, bringing the largest companies in the world to their knees, pleading for a fix at nearly any cost. The modern world has come to depend on information as much as it has on electricity and running water. Fixing the problem is difficult because there are two years left to correct 40 years of behavior (de Jager 1). Alan Greenspan has warned that being 99 percent ready isnt enough (Widder 2). Chief Economist Edward Yardeni has said that the chances for a worldwide recession to occur because of Y2K are at 40% (Widder 3). Senator Bob Benett (Republican, Utah) made a good analogy about the potential of the problem. In the 1970s, oil was the energy that ran our world economy. Today it runs on the energy of information. He later said, To cripple the technological flow of information throughout the world is to bring it to a virtual standstill (Widder 3). The potential of the problem in everyday life is alarming. Imagine making a loan payment in 1999 for a bill that is due in 2000. The companys computers could interpret the 00 as 1900 and you would then be charged with 99 years of late fees (Moffitt ; Sandler 48). If the year 2000 problem isnt solved, there could be no air traffic, traffic lights, no lights in your company, companies could not produce goods, no goods delivered to the stores, stores could not send you bills, you could not send bills to anyone else. Business come to a halt (de Jager 1). The costs of fixing Y2K are staggering. The Gartner Group estimates that costs per line of code to be between $1.50 and $2.00 (Conner 1). It is not uncommon for a single company to have 100,000,000 lines of code (de Jager 6). Capers Jones, an expert who has studied software costs for over ten years, estimates total worldwide costs to be $1,635,000,000,000 (One-trillion, 635 billion dollars) (Jones 58). To put this number into perspective, if five people were to spend $100 for every second of every day, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, it would take them about 100 years to finish the task!The year 2000 problem is not only limited to what happens with computers between December 31, 1999 and January 1, 2000. There are several other important dates that are a factor. Last October was considered the last point where a large company could start fixing the problem with any hopes to finish before the deadline (DBA 1). Also, all fixes should be done by January 1, 1999. There are two major rea sons for having the fixes done a year early. The first is that there are many special dates during 1999 that mean special things. For example, September 9, 1999 (09/09/99) has been commonly used as the expiration date for references and data that have no expiration date (Reid 6). The computer required that a date must be entered in, and in many cases, 9/9/99 was it. Also, it has been established that an entire years cycle of events should be used to test all of the modifications that have been made to a system. Also, one should be sure to test to see which day of the week is 01/01/00. January 1, 1900 was a Monday, but January 1, 2000 will be a Saturday. Other possible failure dates: 1/10/2000 (1st 9 character date), 2/29/2000 (Leap day- the year 2000 is a leap year), 10/10/2000 (1st 10 character date), and 12-31-2000 (Day 366 of the year 2000) (Martin 15) (GTE Appendix A). .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c , .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .postImageUrl , .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c , .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:hover , .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:visited , .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:active { border:0!important; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:active , .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7733e3d4a0647e00d152337e7b052c8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Freud And Dreams Essay PaperWith the millennium bug coming closer and closer to destroying the crops of the worlds information every day, experts from around the globe have discovered several ways to deal with or exterminate this menace. Five major solutions to the problem will now be discussed. The most straightforward approach to solving Y2K is to simply change the 2-digit date fields to 4-digit ones. This is considered to be the only complete solution to the problem, giving businesses a seemingly endless range of dates for the future. This approach also can make it much easier for the company to reformat the display screens with a hard-coded format present (IBM 5.2). Unfortunately, expanding the date field from 2 to 4 digits has several downsides to it. The most obvious one is that in order to convert the dates, every program and database that references to date data will have to be modified. These modifications are mostly manual labor- not an automatic process. Also, this requires display screens to be reformatted manually, as well as increasing record lengths in databases (IBM 5.2). Another common method for swatting the millennium bug involves what is termed date logic, or windowing techniques. This procedure involves having a separate program to determine which millennium certain dates are in. For example, the program could determine that if the year ends in numbers between 00 and 20, the date is in the second millennium. If the year ends in 21 to 99, the date is in the first millennium. This technique avoids some of the massive changes and coordination associated with the expansion approach (Martin 5). Date logic routines also have some downsides to them. The most important one is that the time window can never be more than 100 years, and the length of the time window cannot change in the future. Also, system performance may slow down with this extra step for each date to be processed. On top of that, all of the assumptions and logic must be the same for all of the programs that will use it (IBM 5.7). If and only if all three of these downsides to windowing techniques are able to be overcome, should a business consider this solution. Another way of getting around 2-digit dates involves a bridge program. This type of solution is used to convert data from one record format to another. This allows a system to convert 2-digit to 4-digit dates as they are needed. This also allows a business to have very little down time for year 2000 renovations. Instead of converting all of the data at one time, it is instead converted gradually. Also, this technique is very cost effective and fairly easy to do (Moffitt Sandler 5.8). Be aware that a bridge program has the potential to ruin a computer system. By removing the bridge before all data has been converted, 2-digit dates may become mixed with 4-digit dates, creating a larger problem than in the beginning. Replacing the systems is probably the most straightforward method of solving Y2K. By simply discarding old, non-compliant systems and purchasing new systems that are year 2000 ready, a business can eliminate the year 2000 problem altogether (Martin 6). This avoids the hassle of coming up with solutions to the problem, but presents the difficulties of starting from scratch. This solution should be considered if a companys systems are too costly to fix, or if there are not very many systems that need to be fixed. Another idea that incorporates the replacement idea is for one company to merge with or buy another company that has Y2K compliant systems. Then, the old systems can be retired (Martin 6). The last alternative that will be discussed is to do nothing to current computer systems that a business may use. This is not the same as ignoring the millennium bug and hoping that it will go away. Instead, it involves analyzing exactly what will happen to a companys computer systems and determining that the effect it will have is either none or very little (Martin 6). If this would be the case, and employees could work around any damages that may be caused, this selection could work. .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 , .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .postImageUrl , .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 , .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:hover , .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:visited , .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:active { border:0!important; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:active , .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69 .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89c4be6b7ce975641ba00d001900bf69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Identity Disorder (GID) EssayCarrying out a solution in any business involves careful planning in order to be successful. Each of the four steps- awareness, planning, implementation, and testing- are crucial for a company to successfully get beyond the year 2000. Though the shortest step, the awareness step can be considered to be the most important step. This involves a detailed description of the problem to CEOs and the other decision makers for the company. Also, the management must be informed of the impact that is likely to occur if Y2K is not solved. Without successfully informing the company executives of the millennium bug, there is no hope of getting funding appropriated and fixes underway (Conner 2). The preparation and planning phase involves finding all applications that use dates and choosing the right combination of solutions to result in a successful endeavor. Also, a business must consider any dependencies on outside systems- other companies, for example. In addition to this, a priority schedule should be created, to determine which systems are absolutely necessary to the operation of the business, and to fix them in accordance to their importance (Conner 2). A standard date interface should be agreed upon both within the company and with all other companies which are relied on. Also, the first estimate of how costly and how prolonged the fixes should be done (Conner 2). The implementation phase is probably the most tedious phase of year 2000 compliance. This involves taking proposed solutions and incorporating them into a business computer systems. Depending on which solutions are chosen, and how the solutions affect everyday business, a companys commerce could be crippled due to the need for various systems to be down at all times (Moffitt ; Sandler 66). Testing the solutions may be seen as an unimportant phase in the conversion process. The rewards seem few, and the costs of are high. However, testing solutions is the only way to ensure that a business will flow smoothly into the 21st century. This procedure involves making sample databases and records to verify that the fixes were made correctly, and that all systems work correctly. During this phase, a few glitches will most likely be found, and correcting these will be relatively easy. There are two common approaches to testing the solutions. The first involves making sure the systems work correctly in the 20th century, testing the computers for the 21st century, and then putting the systems back into everyday use. An advantage of this method is that all of the tests are done at the same times, allowing quicker feedback. The downside is that the amount of down time will be fairly high. The other approach is the same as the first, except switching the second and third items. The s ystems are first put back into production, and then they are tested for year 2000 compliance while they are ensuring the flow of business at the same time. The advantage of this method is that down time is much shorter. However, getting results will take a longer time (Pollner 2-3). As the year 2000 comes closer and closer, companies are losing precious time in order to swat the millennium bug. The deadline is fixed. The price of survival is high and the only reward is the hope of continuing to operate in the worlds of commerce and industry. Businesses that continue into the next millennium will enjoy the happiness of existence. Companies that fail to act now will probably crumble under their own weight. The alternative to addressing the year 2000 will be going out of business (Moffitt ; Sandler 3). BibliographyMartin, Robert A. Dealing with Dates: Solutions for the Year 2000. Available October 1997 Widder, Pat. Scramble to catch year 2000 bug is on. Available November 20, 1997 Moffitt, John ; Sandler, Robert J. The year 2000 FAQ. Available January 14, 1997 de Jager, Peter. Youve got to be kidding! Available January 10, 1997 Conner, Jim. Businesses should get a jump on solving Year 2000 problem. Available December 8, 1997 GTE Government Systems Corporation. GTE Proposed Criteria for Century Compliance. Available December 20, 1996 Reid, Warren S. Brower, Stephen. Beyond Awareness: Ten management and ten legal pitfalls regarding the Year 2000 computer problem that you may have not considered, yet! Available March 17, 1997 Jones, Capers. The Global Economic Impact of the Year 2000 Software Problem. Available in Adobe Acrobat Format IBM. The Year 2000 2-digit dates: a guide for planning and implementation. Available September, 1997 Pollner, Andrew. Testing Year 2000 conve rsions. Available January 1998 Computers and Internet Essays

Writing An Elaborate Nursing Entrance Essay Sample

Writing An Elaborate Nursing Entrance Essay SampleIf you are preparing for your nursing entrance exam, then you need to make sure that you have what it takes to write an impressive nursing entrance essay samples. All of the resources that you will find online have been designed to help you study and prepare for this very important exam. However, sometimes, things just don't work out as planned. In these cases, a little preparation goes a long way in helping you out.There are hundreds of books that focus on the English Literature. Most of these books are aimed at students who are aiming for jobs in that field. Other than that, there are also introductory classes that are dedicated to this topic. So if you happen to be a student in a nursing program, then this is a good place to start.It would be a good idea to also get acquainted with the subject matter before you attempt to write your essays. This would include reading a number of books on the topic, attending some forums with people who are already doing well in the nursing field, or even taking up an online class. There are hundreds of classes that you can take to improve your writing skills, and these classes can be extremely helpful as well.Besides studying the subject matter, it would also be a good idea to research the best writing instructors for your essays. Some of these instructors might be able to improve your skills even more than your school's professor. If you have the opportunity to take up an online course from a renowned author or expert, then you will definitely gain a lot of benefits.There is another important issue that should also be taken into consideration. For every problem or obstacle you encounter while trying to write a decent essay, you should be willing to talk about it with your instructor. Ask him or her any questions you might have, and then use their knowledge and advice to make your essay better.There are also many resources available online that provide you with a wealth of in formation on the subject. If you choose to take up one of these, then you can also share your experiences and knowledge to help other students prepare for their entrance exams. You can also use these resources in order to give students additional tips and tricks that will help them pass their exams.For students who are looking for more assistance in writing an impressive nursing entrance essay samples, you have plenty of options available. Since so many options are available to those who are planning to prepare for their entrance exams, you will find it easier to choose the one that will best suit your needs.